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Several digital elevation model (DEM) sources are used in the processing of Landsat Collection 2 Level-1 products. These sources are based on specific geographic regions and contribute to improved vertical accuracy in Collection 2 when compared to data processed in the past. Together, these sources are all known as the Landsat Collection 2 DEM. These DEM sources have been modified for use in Collection 2 processing; void filling techniques were used where persistent gaps were found in the elevation data, and improvements to the vertical accuracy were realized by differencing accuracies of other elevation datasets to the newer Collection 2 DEM. The following DEM sources are now available for download from EarthExplorer, listed under the Collection 2 section on the Data Set tab: Global Land Survey (GLS) — Various specific elevation inputs collectively make up the Global Land Surveys (GLS) DEM. Each input is based on the spatial region for which it is appropriate. Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP) — The Radarsat Antarctic Mapping Project (RAMP) is a high-resolution DEM that combines topographic data from a variety of sources to provide consistent coverage of all of Antarctica. Gravity for Earth, Ocean and Ice Dynamics (GEOID) Model — While not an actual elevation dataset, the geoid model provides necessary offsets to adjust the elevations of the GLS DEM from its original Earth Gravitational Model 96 (EGM96) to the World Geodetic System 84 (WGS84) ellipsoid. This is necessary so the GLS DEM can be correctly used by the Landsat processing systems software and algorithms. Please visit Landsat Collection 2 Digital Elevation Model to learn more about these DEM source products, and contact USGS Customer Services with any questions. links: Landsat Collection 2 DEM Source Products Available | U.S. Geological Survey (usgs.gov)

The Mapzen open-source mapping platform has a hard history. On the one hand, Mapzen, which is based on OpenStreetMap, is used by over 70,000 developers and it's the backbone of such mapping services as , Remix and Carto. But, as a business, Mapzen failed in 2018. Mapzen's code and service lived on as a Linux Foundation Project. Now, it's moved on to the Urban Computing Foundation (UCF), another Linux Foundation group with more resources. UCF is devoted to helping create smarter cities, multimodal transportation, and autonomous vehicles. In the UCF, Mapzen will have the support of such members like Facebook, Google, and Uber. There, its developers can collaborate on and build a common set of open-source tools connecting cities, autonomous vehicles, and smart infrastructure. It joins the existing UCF project Kepler.gl, an open-source geospatial analysis tool for Big Data. Mapzen is made up of several MIT-licensed projects. These include real-time search, rendering, navigation, and data. These include: Pelias: Distributed full-text geographic search engine Tangram: Libraries for rendering 2D and 3D maps with WebGL/OpenGL ES and vector tiles Tilezen: Libraries to generate vector tiles for global map display Transitland: Community-edited data service aggregating transit networks across metropolitan and rural areas around the world Valhalla: Global, multi-modal routing engine for turn-by-turn navigation services Who's on First: Gazetteer or a big list of places, each with a stable identifier and descriptive properties "We are extremely excited to welcome the Mapzen family of projects to the Urban Computing Foundation," said Travis Gorkin, Uber's engineering manager of data visualization. This move "represents a great step forward in expanding the ecosystem of open-source urban computing software and tools," he added. It's also good news for all the many mapping services, which has relied on Mapzen, and for all the future transportation and mobility applications that will lean on it in the future. source: https://www.zdnet.com/article/mapzen-open-source-mapping-project-revived-under-the-urban-computing-foundation/

Applications of Geographical Information System (GIS) in Civil Engineering Objectives Relevant Blog websites References Introduction GIS applications in civil engineering Landslide hazard zonation Site selection for solid waste disposal Site selection for groundwater potential zones Hurricane wind Analysis Transportation analysis Relevant Blog websites http://www.gisblog.com http://www.gis-blog.com http://gisfolio.blogspot.com http://opensourcegisblog.blogspot.com http://www.birdseyeviewgis.com http://canadiangis.com http://www.gisarea.com/ Introduction Geographic Information System (GIS) is the new area with diversified applications in Civil Engineering, Geosciences, Forestry, Disaster mitigation, Environment and Ecology, Infrastructure planning, Utility mapping, Business, Mobile mapping, Information Technology and in many more fields. Since nearly 80% of the real world data are spatial in nature, GIS technology has been popularized overwhelmingly. It is not overestimation that GIS will be used in day to day life within next decade. Already developed countries use GIS widely and it will be used in day to day activities in developing countries also in near future. CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS Ø Landslide hazard zonation Ø Site selection for solid waste disposal Ø Site selection for groundwater potential zones Ø Earthquake probability Analysis Ø Hurricane wind Analysis Ø Transportation analysis Ø Natural Hazard Assessment Ø Target Site Selection Ø Landfill Site Selection Ø Mineral mapping Ø Pollution Monitoring Ø Urban Development Ø Watershed Analysis Ø The following Figure shows the zones for groundwater exploration The following Figure shows the classified map for various crops of parts of PAP project. Site selection for solid waste disposal Site selection for solid waste disposal for Coimbatore was carried out in GIS and shown in following Figure. Urban development has brought forth several maladies and suffering to human kind, besides bringing economic and cultural development in its fold. Due to pressure of urbanization most of the cities are growing and some times they develop beyond the planned limits. Generally the unplanned area of the city contains a quarter of the total population where the spatial information is missing. At present no efficient system is available for solid waste management in Coimbatore Corporation, though the corporation administration now taking a few steps to manage the solid wastes. In this direction, an attempt has been made to optimize the route and also finding a favorable site for disposal of solid wastes using GIS & GPS for Coimbatore Corporation. LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION Several different themes like land use, drainage, soil and outcrop, lineament, slope, etc. were obtained and weightages were assigned to each theme. Based on weightages assigned, the entire study area is divided into 5 classes [Very High, High, Moderate, Low and very Low]. From the map obtained by weighted overlay and the arithmetic overlay map, the Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) is thus created. The road network map is overlaid with slope and land use map to identify sites, where mitigation works to be taken on priority basis. Conclusion: After studying the applications of GIS in civil engineering the conclusion was that GIS software is very helpful in civil engineering. Without GIS it will be very difficult and time taking process for us to select a site for any task. E.g. selecting a vehicles routing with the help of GIS software is easier and less time taking process as compare to doing it manually. Similarly in watersheds it has many applications i.e. determining the floods zones, the probability of low-flow events and estimating the magnitude of high-flow events. In short GIS software has an important role in civil engineering and without this it will be difficult for a civil engineering to do the tasks like finding the probability of hurricanes. 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